How To Make Pottery At Home: Materials, Equipment, & Steps

Guide To Making Pottery
Making pottery is a fun way to make ornamental ceramics or practical objects for your home; functional tableware, vessels, sculpture, installations, and mixed media—the possibilities in pottery are endless! In this guide, you will learn the best ways to get started making pottery and what tools and equipment you will need to begin.

What is pottery?
Pottery is made by combining naturally occurring raw materials, such as clay, earthen minerals, and water and shaping them into forms. Once shaped, the clay body is fired in a kiln at a high temperature to be hardened and heat resistant. There are a number of pottery techniques used to create functional and ornamental ceramic objects. Potters use wheel throwing to create symmetrical pottery and slip casting to create multiples of one object. They may also use hand-building techniques such as slab rolling, coiling, and pinching.

Examples of different types of pottery
Common types of pottery are earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. They each use different types of clay and combinations of clay with variations of silica and minerals. Each results in different types of ceramic pottery.

Earthenware
Earthenware is pottery that has not been fired to vitrification, which is the process of crystalline silicate compounds bonding into noncrystalline glass compounds. This makes the pottery more porous and coarser to the touch. Earthenware pottery was the most common type of ceramics until the 18th century. Terracotta, a clay-based and unglazed ceramic, is a common type of earthenware. Today, we commonly see planters made from terracotta, along with bricks, water pipes, and more.

Porcelain
Porcelain ceramics are generally made with kaolin clay and fired in a kiln to temperatures between 2,200 and 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit. The vitrification process and silicate mineral mullite make porcelain a strong heat-resistant material compared to other clays. Common examples of porcelain ceramics are bathroom and kitchen tiles, vessels, and decorative sculptures.

Stoneware
Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic, meaning it is coated in enamel to make it appear glassy and to make it nonporous. Stoneware is fired at higher temperatures than other ceramics. Impurities in the clay typically give it an earth tone color, and it is usually glazed.

Getting to know the basic tools & materials used for pottery
Setting up a pottery studio at home requires some effort and knowledge of the basics. First, educate yourself on the best types of kiln for your space—electric and gas kilns both require unique connections and consumable materials. Set up a designated space for your pottery wheel in a well-ventilated area and make sure you have plenty of room to work on flat surfaces.

Pottery wheels
The introduction of pottery wheels was a breakthrough in pottery manufacturing. Wheels allow potters to go beyond the restrictions of hand-building and create pieces with radial symmetry. Pottery wheels can be powered either by electricity or manually.

Kilns
Pottery kilns fire the ceramics to high temperatures to solidify the clay body in a bisque fire and fuse the glaze to the clay in a glaze firing. Kilns may be either gas or electric. Electric kilns are more common in both home and professional studios because of ease of convenience and setup. You will want to have a safe, reliable electrical connection for a home kiln. Electric kilns work well for low and mid-fire clay, while gas kilns work better for high-fire clay. Compared to gas kilns, electric kilns do not require special permits. Gas firings generally result in earthier colors and can be used in reduction firing to achieve exciting surface textures.

Clays
Clay is one of the widely available raw materials for creating ceramic objects. Different types of clay and combinations of clay with different variations of silica and other minerals result in various types of ceramic pottery. When working with clay, it is important to protect yourself from inhaling the powder that results from dried clay. This dust contains silica, which can hang in the air for hours and damage your lungs. To protect yourself, wear a mask, understand what ingredients are in the clay you are using, and use premixed, wet clay bodies.

Glazes
Glazes are applied to clay when it is leather-hard or bisque fired. Glazes strengthen the surface of the clay and make pottery waterproof. They are made of a combination of silica and minerals. As the pottery is fired, the glaze floods and rehardens on the surface of the clay. Glazes have to be matched to the clay according to its maturation temperature. Many clays and glazes are rated by a cone system. This is a way to measure heat work.

How to make pottery at home in 6 steps
You will need to set up a designated pottery workspace and gather the necessary equipment before you get started. Once you have all of the essential materials, tools, and equipment, you can get started making pottery at home.

Tools and Equipment
Potter’s wheel and bats
Towels and an apron
A small bucket for holding water or slurry as you work
One or more sponges
A trimming tool
A rubber or wooden rib
A potter’s needle
A cut-off wire
Fettling knives
A box to keep your tools in
Glazes and application tools such as brushes, tongs, etc.
Calipers
Kiln

Choose your clay
Earthenware clay is versatile and typically the easiest to throw on the pottery wheel, so this may be the best option if you are just beginning. Stoneware is another clay option that is easy to handle and work with. Porcelain clay is incredibly strong and is considered the best clay available for making pottery because of its high resistance to heat and high amount of silica. The downside of porcelain is that it is expensive and can be hard to handle for beginners. Before starting your pottery project, you will want to wedge your clay on a surface to work out any air bubbles.

Prep your workspace
Your pottery workspace should include a sturdy table with a surface that clay will not stick to. Consider covering your table in canvas fabric or working on small drywall sheets. Make sure you have excellent ventilation so that your lungs are protected from small clay particles. The floors should be easy to clean at the end of your work session. Set up some shelving or tables where your pots can sit undisturbed to dry for several days.

Before sitting down at the wheel, make sure you gather up all necessary hand tools and equipment. You will want to have a small bucket of water within arms reach, along with your rib, needle tool, rim, and any other hand tools you wish to use.

Throw pottery on the wheel
Begin by first weighing out your clay. As a beginner, it is helpful to start with small amounts of clay under one pound. Shape the clay into a symmetrical ball with both hands. Secure the bat on your potter’s wheel and slam the clay ball into the center of the bat. Tap it to the center with dry hands. Wet your hands in water and start to center the clay while the wheel is in motion. Make sure you anchor your elbows onto your knees or upper legs as you do this. Cone the clay up and down to ensure it is centered. Make a hole in the center of the clay, then push your hand into the base, while keeping the wheel in motion. Make sure you leave enough clay at the base so you don’t push through the bottom of your pot. Pull the clay up with one hand inside and one outside your pot.

Repeat this motion until the walls of your pot are about one-quarter inch all around. It is ideal for your pot to have a uniform thickness on all sides. This prevents the pot from becoming too heavy and decreases the risk of cracking as it dries. Detach your pot from the bat using a cutting wire. Let it sit on the bat to dry, loosely covered with a plastic drape.

Dry and trim your pottery
Let your pot dry until it reaches the greenware stage. To trim the base of your pot, carefully remove it from the bat and place it on a clean bat upside down. Anchor it on the bat’s center with wet clay and slowly turn the wheel. With a needle or trimming tool, remove excess clay from the base and edges. Keep your hand steady, with your elbow securely planted on your knee.

Bisque fire your pottery
Dry your piece to leather hard, then bisque fire. Bisque firing is required to increase your pottery’s durability, making it more stable for the next steps of glazing and glaze firing. The temperature and amount of time you bisque fire your clay will depend upon the firing range and cone. It may be low-, mid-, or high-fire clay, measured using the cone system.

The cone system measures the heat of the kiln and the length of firing. Cones are essential when firing to know when your kiln has reached the necessary temperature and to ensure the kiln is heated evenly. 

Glaze and glaze fire
Once your pottery comes out of the bisque fire, it is ready to be glazed. Pottery glazes are an impenetrable layer or coating applied to bisque-ware used to decorate pottery and waterproofing. There are many possibilities when glazing pottery and ceramics, from colorful patterns to mineral reactions.

The general process of glazing ceramics is first to mix your glaze, apply it to bisque-ware, let it dry, then finally load it into the kiln for the glaze firing. The kiln is slowly brought up to the appropriate temperature for the silica in the glaze to melt, then slowly cooled again. This makes your pottery strong and solid, and impervious to water and the elements.